Rokan's Journal

The establishment of India’s Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) in 1968 was a transformative event, not only for Indian intelligence operations but for the entire strategic landscape of South Asia. Conceived under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, the formation of R&AW marked India’s shift from a defensive intelligence posture to a proactive approach in securing and projecting its interests abroad. Born from a mix of immediate national security concerns and a vision for long-term strategic advantage, R&AW was designed to be India’s premier agency for external intelligence, handling critical responsibilities that extended beyond traditional military intelligence.

The origins of R&AW can be traced to a period of heightened geopolitical tensions for India. The country had faced major security threats in the early 1960s, most notably from China and Pakistan. The Indo-China War of 1962 exposed significant gaps in India’s intelligence and military readiness. India was unable to predict or counteract Chinese advances effectively, which led to a sense of vulnerability and the realization that a specialized agency dedicated to external intelligence was essential. Additionally, Pakistan’s continuous challenges on India’s western border, coupled with the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, underscored the urgent need for a more sophisticated and well-resourced intelligence apparatus that could provide timely, reliable insights into the activities of neighboring countries.

Recognizing these needs, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi tasked Rameshwar Nath Kao, an accomplished officer in the Intelligence Bureau (IB), with establishing an agency that could rival the world’s leading intelligence services, such as the CIA of the United States and MI6 of the United Kingdom. Kao, who was already a seasoned intelligence professional, approached this task by conducting thorough studies of global intelligence models. His goal was to create a highly specialized agency that would focus on India’s foreign threats, while the Intelligence Bureau would remain focused on internal security. R&AW’s creation represented a significant structural shift in Indian intelligence, marking the first time India had a dedicated external agency with the mandate to operate beyond its borders.

R&AW was structured to operate independently, with its director reporting directly to the Prime Minister, ensuring a degree of autonomy from other government departments. Kao’s blueprint, which drew from agencies like the CIA, MI6, Mossad, and French intelligence, emphasized versatility and adaptability. As such, R&AW was given the latitude to establish specialized units covering fields from defense and economic intelligence to science and technology, political affairs, and counterintelligence.

R&AW’s operations quickly expanded across South Asia, focusing initially on the pressing issues of that era, such as the 1962 Indo-China conflict and growing instability in South Asia. The agency’s first major success came in its support for the Mukti Bahini during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. This operation allowed India to exert significant influence in shaping the birth of Bangladesh, aligning with its strategic goal of weakening Pakistan and securing a friendly state on its eastern border. Following this success, R&AW continued to extend its reach in the region, gaining influence in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and later even into Afghanistan. The agency soon became synonymous with India’s broader strategic aspirations, establishing a regional presence that would grow over the decades.

As R&AW matured, Bangladesh remained a critical point of interest, driven by geographical, cultural, and security factors. India saw Bangladesh as a vital part of its security architecture in South Asia, a state whose alignment would be crucial in countering threats from Pakistan and securing stability in the eastern region. R&AW was tasked with safeguarding these interests, which often meant monitoring political, social, and economic developments in Bangladesh.

Following the Liberation War, R&AW’s activities in Bangladesh became increasingly complex, particularly as it sought to maintain influence over the political landscape. This engagement was not always welcomed within Bangladesh. India’s close ties with the Awami League, especially under Sheikh Hasina’s leadership, allowed it to wield influence over policies, trade, and defense matters that were often in India’s favor. Over time, however, R&AW’s involvement became a source of friction, as Bangladeshis perceived this relationship as a form of overreach and interference. Allegations emerged that R&AW was involved in shaping political outcomes and supporting certain groups and individuals loyal to India’s interests, stoking resentment and anti-India sentiment among the Bangladeshi populace.

R&AW’s presence in Bangladesh over the years has been described by some as extensive, involving intelligence networks that reportedly included not only Awami League affiliates but also figures within the Hindu minority and business sectors who could promote India’s interests in Bangladesh. This influence is viewed as a double-edged sword; while it has facilitated cooperation in areas like trade and security, it has also created an image of India as a “big brother” figure, particularly as R&AW is believed to have intervened in times of political transition to maintain favorable conditions.

Despite historical ties and shared cultural affinities, the perception of India as an overbearing neighbor has grown in Bangladesh. The sentiment that R&AW is constantly monitoring and, at times, attempting to manipulate internal affairs has become a significant issue. Ordinary Bangladeshis are increasingly vocal about their desire for a relationship with India that respects their sovereignty and independence. The anti-India sentiment that has emerged reflects deep-seated frustrations with what is seen as a pattern of interference by India in Bangladesh’s political process, media narratives, and diplomatic affairs.

One of the most significant points of contention is the idea that R&AW has sought to maintain an Awami League-led government due to its pro-India stance. This perception has fueled a growing mistrust among Bangladeshis who see R&AW’s activities as an intrusion into their democratic processes. Allegations that R&AW disseminates misinformation or exaggerates incidents to influence public opinion or shape political narratives have further exacerbated this sentiment. Particularly during political transitions, Indian media coverage—allegedly influenced by R&AW—often depicts Bangladesh as chaotic or unstable, a narrative that Bangladeshis see as an attempt to justify external intervention.

R&AW’s operations in Bangladesh, if left unchecked, could undermine the very goals India seeks to achieve. While India’s strategic interests in Bangladesh are legitimate, the method of exerting influence through covert means has created a relationship fraught with tension and suspicion. For Bangladesh, a nation that fought hard for its independence, any perception of foreign interference touches on its core values of sovereignty and self-determination. The Bangladeshi public, as well as its interim and opposition leaders, increasingly view R&AW’s activities as infringements on their nation’s right to autonomous governance.

From a diplomatic standpoint, India’s relationship with Bangladesh could benefit from a shift toward a more balanced, respectful approach. India would gain more from fostering a genuinely cooperative relationship that avoids heavy-handed tactics. R&AW’s operations, while designed to protect Indian interests, must be recalibrated to respect the boundaries of national sovereignty. In doing so, India could reduce anti-India sentiment and build a partnership rooted in trust and mutual respect.

Moving forward, India’s approach to Bangladesh should focus on transparent and diplomatic avenues of cooperation. R&AW, as India’s leading intelligence agency, has a responsibility to operate within ethical and diplomatic norms, especially in a neighboring country with deep historical and cultural ties to India. Collaborative initiatives in trade, security, and cultural exchange can be pursued openly and in ways that do not interfere with Bangladesh’s domestic affairs.

Respecting Bangladesh’s sovereignty is not only a matter of diplomatic protocol but a strategic imperative for India’s long-term security and influence in South Asia. If India can build a relationship with Bangladesh based on equality and respect, rather than perceived dominance, it can help stabilize the region, enhance economic and security cooperation, and create a foundation of goodwill that is essential for lasting regional harmony.

 While R&AW has played a pivotal role in India’s security apparatus and will continue to serve as a critical component of its regional strategy, the agency must operate in ways that reflect the values of mutual respect and sovereignty. For India and Bangladesh to realize a truly cooperative relationship, there must be a recalibration of R&AW’s approach, one that prioritizes respect for Bangladesh’s autonomy and recognizes the value of a genuinely independent, allied neighbor.

The Genesis of R&AW: A Response to Regional Threats

The establishment of the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) was a strategic response to India’s growing security needs during the politically charged 1960s. This decade was marked by heightened regional tensions, most notably with China and Pakistan, which highlighted the need for India to enhance its intelligence capabilities to protect its national interests. Prior to R&AW’s formation, India’s intelligence needs were managed by the Intelligence Bureau (IB), which handled both domestic and foreign intelligence. However, the limitations of this approach became clear in the wake of several high-stakes incidents that underscored a need for an agency dedicated solely to external intelligence.

The Indo-China War of 1962: A Catalyst for Reform

The 1962 Sino-Indian War was a defining moment that exposed significant weaknesses in India’s defense and intelligence apparatus. India was caught off guard by China’s swift military incursion, which underscored gaps in intelligence gathering, threat assessment, and overall preparedness. The Intelligence Bureau’s inability to foresee or provide timely intelligence on Chinese military movements and intentions was a wake-up call for Indian leadership. The war was not only a strategic defeat but a national embarrassment that shook India’s confidence and underscored the need for a robust, specialized agency that could deliver accurate, up-to-date information on external threats.

Following the war, there was a growing consensus among Indian policymakers that India needed a specialized external intelligence agency focused solely on gathering and analyzing intelligence on neighboring countries and global powers with interests in South Asia. This idea gained further traction following the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, which reaffirmed the need for intelligence capabilities that could operate beyond Indian borders and anticipate potential threats in real-time.

The Role of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and R.N. Kao

The need for an external intelligence agency became more pressing following the untimely death of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, which created a political vacuum and a period of uncertainty. As Prime Minister Indira Gandhi took office, she quickly recognized the necessity for a robust intelligence framework to secure India’s borders and maintain its strategic interests in an increasingly unstable region. Indira Gandhi was aware that India was surrounded by neighbors with whom relations were, at best, cautious and, at worst, hostile. Both Pakistan and China were perceived as long-term adversaries, and Indira understood that India could no longer afford to be reactive when it came to national security.

To address these challenges, Gandhi appointed Rameshwar Nath Kao, a highly regarded intelligence officer and then-Joint Director of the Intelligence Bureau, to create a blueprint for a new external intelligence agency that would operate independently of the IB. Kao, who was a trusted advisor to Indira Gandhi, was given the task of designing an agency that could match the capabilities of leading intelligence services like the CIA and MI6, which were known for their influence and effectiveness in securing the interests of their respective nations on the global stage.

Kao’s Blueprint: A Global Approach to Intelligence Gathering

Kao’s vision for R&AW was informed by his comprehensive studies of global intelligence organizations. He examined the structures and operations of the CIA, MI6, French Intelligence, Mossad, and Japanese intelligence, synthesizing their best practices to create an agency that would be capable of both gathering intelligence and executing covert operations. His goal was to build an agency that could act as India’s eyes and ears abroad, with a mandate to protect Indian interests proactively rather than simply responding to threats as they emerged.

Kao’s blueprint emphasized flexibility, independence, and specialized divisions to cover various aspects of intelligence work. These divisions were designed to address the specific needs of an agency responsible for monitoring not only military and political developments but also economic, scientific, and technological advances in neighboring countries. For instance, he introduced dedicated units for analyzing economic intelligence, which could track trade patterns, industrial developments, and financial investments, thereby giving India insights into its neighbors’ economic stability and future policy directions. Another significant addition was a focus on scientific and technological advancements, which would enable India to monitor defense developments, nuclear capabilities, and technological innovations that could impact its security.

R&AW’s Mandate and Initial Focus

The Indian Cabinet approved Kao’s blueprint in 1968, and R&AW became operational with a clear mandate to gather, analyze, and act on intelligence in ways that would directly support India’s national security and strategic objectives. One of the agency’s primary focuses was China, whose military capabilities and border disputes with India remained a major concern. R&AW’s mandate also extended to Pakistan, as the rivalry between India and Pakistan continued to shape the geopolitics of the region.

In its early years, R&AW focused on building an intelligence network that would keep India informed of developments in Pakistan and China, allowing it to anticipate threats and act proactively. This approach represented a departure from the reactive stance that had previously characterized India’s intelligence efforts. R&AW also began establishing connections in countries that held strategic importance for India, such as Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan. These nations were viewed as essential to India’s security buffer, and R&AW aimed to ensure that they remained friendly or neutral toward India’s interests.

Expansion across South Asia and the Bangladesh Liberation War

R&AW’s early operations helped lay the groundwork for its first major success in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. This conflict presented both a challenge and an opportunity for India, as Pakistan’s crackdown on East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) created a humanitarian crisis and a massive influx of refugees into India. R&AW provided critical intelligence and logistical support to the Mukti Bahini, the Bengali nationalist guerrilla force, assisting them in their struggle for independence from Pakistan. R&AW’s role included training, supplying weapons, and providing strategic insights that would help the Mukti Bahini in their fight against Pakistani forces.

The successful outcome of the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to the creation of an independent Bangladesh, underscored R&AW’s effectiveness and cemented its reputation as a formidable intelligence agency capable of shaping events beyond India’s borders. The agency’s involvement in Bangladesh also demonstrated its ability to execute complex operations involving coordination with local allies and managing covert support for friendly forces, a skill that would become one of R&AW’s hallmarks in future operations.

Building a Reputation: Strategic Influence and Covert Operations

Following the success in Bangladesh, R&AW continued to expand its network across South Asia, establishing itself as a powerful intelligence presence. The agency’s reputation for strategic influence and covert operations grew, as it played a role in several key events across the region. In Sri Lanka, for instance, R&AW’s involvement became evident during the civil conflict with the Tamil Tigers, where it provided intelligence support to address security concerns that had implications for India’s own southern regions. Similarly, R&AW monitored political developments in Nepal and Bhutan to ensure that these nations remained within India’s sphere of influence and did not align themselves with rival powers.

R&AW’s work extended beyond the immediate neighborhood, with efforts to monitor global powers’ interests in South Asia and keep abreast of movements by agencies like the CIA and the KGB in the region. The agency developed robust methods for gathering intelligence through diplomatic channels, human assets, and technical means, using a variety of sources to build a comprehensive picture of the security landscape.

Over the years, R&AW’s presence in the region and its ability to conduct covert operations gave it a significant role in India’s foreign policy. The agency’s operations became an unofficial arm of Indian diplomacy, often operating in ways that allowed India to influence events in countries where formal diplomatic efforts might have been ineffective or slow-moving.

R&AW’s Evolution into a Key Player in Indian Strategy

R&AW’s trajectory from a nascent agency to a regional powerhouse reflects its adaptability and effectiveness in addressing India’s changing strategic needs. The agency has evolved in line with India’s own transformation into a more assertive regional power, with intelligence efforts focused on not only defense but also economic security, technology acquisition, and counterterrorism. This evolution has ensured that R&AW remains a central part of India’s foreign policy and national security strategy.

The establishment of R&AW was a defining moment for India’s intelligence community, representing a strategic shift toward proactive intelligence gathering and covert influence. By addressing the gaps exposed during the 1962 Indo-China War and expanding its reach across South Asia, R&AW has become an essential component of India’s efforts to safeguard its interests and maintain stability in a complex geopolitical environment.

R&AW’s Early Focus and Regional Expansion

The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War stands as a pivotal moment in the history of India’s intelligence agency, R&AW, as it highlighted the agency’s capability to influence the outcome of a major regional conflict in South Asia. During this period, R&AW transitioned from a relatively new entity into a fully operational and influential intelligence organization, demonstrating its effectiveness in handling complex, high-stakes operations. The war provided R&AW with the opportunity to apply its resources, intelligence, and covert capabilities to support India’s strategic interests, cementing its reputation as an agency capable of shaping geopolitical events beyond India’s borders.

R&AW’s Role in the Bangladesh Liberation War: A Strategic Victory

In the early 1970s, political tensions in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) were at an all-time high. The demand for independence from West Pakistan grew stronger as East Pakistanis faced systemic marginalization and lack of political representation. Pakistan’s central government responded with military force, leading to widespread human rights abuses, massacres, and a refugee crisis that spilled over into India’s borders. This crisis not only put a strain on India’s resources but also raised security concerns, as millions of refugees poured into the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura.

The Indian government, led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, saw the opportunity to support East Pakistan’s independence movement, both as a humanitarian response and as a strategic move to weaken Pakistan, India’s long-standing rival. However, direct military intervention was deemed politically risky at first, given the potential for international backlash. This is where R&AW’s role became crucial.

Under the leadership of Rameshwar Nath Kao, R&AW was tasked with providing covert support to the Mukti Bahini, the liberation force fighting for Bangladesh’s independence. The agency played a multi-faceted role, which involved intelligence gathering, operational planning, logistical support, and coordination with Mukti Bahini fighters. This support included several critical components:

Intelligence Gathering and Strategic Insight: R&AW conducted reconnaissance on Pakistani military operations and positions in East Pakistan, collecting intelligence that would prove vital for both the Mukti Bahini’s operations and India’s eventual military intervention. By intercepting communications and deploying field agents, R&AW provided real-time information on Pakistani troop movements, military strategy, and vulnerabilities. This intelligence enabled the Mukti Bahini to operate more effectively against the better-equipped Pakistani forces.

Training and Equipping the Mukti Bahini: R&AW organized training camps along the India-East Pakistan border, where members of the Mukti Bahini received instruction in guerrilla warfare, weapon handling, sabotage, and survival skills. The agency also provided the Mukti Bahini with arms, ammunition, and resources necessary for sustained combat. This support turned a loosely organized group of fighters into a more formidable force capable of launching coordinated attacks on Pakistani military installations and supply lines.

Psychological and Propaganda Operations: R&AW engaged in psychological warfare to weaken Pakistani morale and embolden the Bangladeshi independence movement. The agency helped create and disseminate pro-independence propaganda that emphasized the cause of Bangladeshi autonomy, exposing Pakistani atrocities and fostering a sense of unity and purpose among East Pakistanis. R&AW also collaborated with international media outlets to bring attention to the humanitarian crisis, swaying global opinion in favor of Bangladesh’s independence struggle.

Facilitating International Support and Legitimacy: R&AW’s involvement extended beyond the battlefield. The agency worked to secure diplomatic support for Bangladesh’s independence by providing Indian policymakers with intelligence to make a compelling case at international forums, particularly in the United Nations. This diplomatic groundwork ensured that when India eventually intervened militarily, it did so with a degree of international sympathy for its stance.

Operational Coordination with the Indian Military: As tensions escalated, R&AW collaborated closely with the Indian Armed Forces to prepare for a direct intervention. The agency’s intelligence was instrumental in helping the Indian military plan its eventual campaign in December 1971. R&AW’s groundwork provided Indian forces with a clear understanding of the terrain, enemy strengths, and vulnerabilities, contributing to a swift and decisive victory in what became a 13-day conflict that led to the surrender of Pakistani forces and the establishment of Bangladesh as an independent nation.

The Outcome and Legacy of R&AW’s Involvement in Bangladesh

R&AW’s involvement in the Bangladesh Liberation War was a significant strategic success for India, and the creation of Bangladesh fundamentally altered the geopolitical landscape of South Asia. For India, this victory was a two-fold achievement: it alleviated the strain of the refugee crisis and removed a hostile government in East Pakistan, creating a friendly neighbor in the newly independent Bangladesh. The operation also demonstrated India’s ability to exert influence over its neighbors and protect its interests in the face of regional instability.

The Bangladesh operation became a defining moment for R&AW, as it showcased the agency’s ability to execute high-stakes operations with precision, efficiency, and secrecy. In the process, R&AW solidified its role as an indispensable tool for Indian strategic interests and a powerful asset in the country’s intelligence framework. This success elevated R&AW’s standing within India and enhanced its credibility as a force capable of conducting covert operations that advanced India’s regional ambitions.

Expansion of R&AW’s Influence in South Asia

Following its success in Bangladesh, R&AW’s mandate and influence continued to grow. The agency expanded its focus to other countries in South Asia, seeking to monitor political developments and counteract influences that could pose a threat to Indian security. This expansion aligned with India’s broader strategic goal of maintaining stability and a sphere of influence within its immediate neighborhood. R&AW became increasingly involved in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives, among other nations, with a focus on preempting threats and supporting Indian interests.

Sri Lanka: R&AW became involved in the Sri Lankan civil conflict, initially working to mediate between conflicting groups. However, as Tamil militancy grew, R&AW’s role evolved, and the agency began supporting Tamil insurgent groups as a countermeasure against perceived threats to India’s own security in the southern region.

Nepal and Bhutan: In both Nepal and Bhutan, R&AW monitored political developments and maintained an influence on local power structures to ensure that these countries remained closely aligned with India’s strategic interests. This involved diplomatic outreach, intelligence gathering, and, in some cases, clandestine operations to counteract potential foreign influence.

Pakistan: While Pakistan remained a primary focus, R&AW’s efforts extended to tracking Islamist militancy, monitoring nuclear development, and countering anti-India activities. R&AW played a key role in analyzing and addressing cross-border terrorism and insurgency, particularly in Kashmir, where it supported counter-insurgency efforts.

R&AW’s Ongoing Legacy and the Challenge of Sovereignty

While R&AW’s operations have generally sought to safeguard Indian interests, its activities have occasionally raised concerns among neighboring countries. In Bangladesh, R&AW’s continued presence and alleged involvement in local politics have sometimes created tension, as some Bangladeshis perceive Indian influence as a challenge to their national sovereignty. Similar sentiments have emerged in other South Asian nations, where R&AW’s activities, often seen as overtly interventionist, have sparked local opposition and anti-India sentiments.

In Bangladesh, for instance, allegations of R&AW’s involvement in supporting specific political factions have fueled concerns about India’s intentions, leading to criticisms that R&AW’s activities infringe upon Bangladesh’s sovereignty. Many Bangladeshis view India’s support of certain leaders or parties as an attempt to install pro-India governments, which can be seen as a form of political interference. This sentiment has led to calls for India to adopt a more respectful and balanced approach in its relations with Bangladesh and to acknowledge the importance of Bangladesh’s independence and autonomy.

The Way Forward: R&AW’s Role in a Changing South Asia

As South Asia evolves, R&AW faces the challenge of balancing India’s security interests with respect for the sovereignty of its neighbors. The agency’s influence in the region remains substantial, but changing political dynamics and growing nationalism in neighboring countries mean that its activities must be conducted with a heightened awareness of local sensitivities. The agency’s continued effectiveness will depend on its ability to adapt to these complexities and operate in ways that foster stability while maintaining India’s security.

R&AW’s role in the Bangladesh Liberation War was a turning point that underscored its capabilities as a formidable intelligence agency with the capacity to influence regional events. However, as R&AW’s influence has expanded across South Asia, so too has the need for careful diplomacy and restraint to ensure that India’s relations with its neighbors remain constructive and mutually respectful. As Bangladesh and other nations assert their independence and resist external influence, India’s intelligence community faces the dual task of safeguarding Indian interests while respecting the autonomy of its neighbors, promoting a more balanced and sustainable approach to regional stability.

R&AW’s Influence in Bangladesh: Strategic Interests and Controversies

Bangladesh, since its independence, has held a critical position in South Asia’s geopolitical landscape. Sharing a long border with India, Bangladesh’s strategic location makes it an essential component of India’s regional strategy. This closeness, both geographical and cultural, has drawn significant interest from India’s intelligence community, particularly the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), which is tasked with monitoring and safeguarding India’s external interests. Over the decades, R&AW’s operations in Bangladesh have allegedly extended beyond traditional intelligence gathering to encompass political, economic, and social realms, raising complex questions about the boundaries between cooperation and interference.

R&AW’s Strategic Objectives in Bangladesh

India’s interests in Bangladesh are diverse and multifaceted. They include:

Security Concerns: Bangladesh’s proximity to the Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and Tripura makes it a focal point for India’s internal security considerations. Preventing cross-border terrorism, addressing militancy, and curbing illegal trafficking are all top priorities for India’s intelligence agencies.

Economic and Trade Interests: Bangladesh is one of India’s largest trade partners in South Asia. India seeks to foster economic cooperation and protect its commercial interests in Bangladesh, which include investments, infrastructure projects, and trade routes that provide direct access to northeastern India.

Regional Stability: Bangladesh plays a crucial role in maintaining stability in South Asia. India has a vested interest in ensuring that Bangladesh remains politically stable and free from influence by external powers, such as China, which has increased its footprint in the region through trade and infrastructure investments under its Belt and Road Initiative.

Cultural and Social Ties: The shared cultural, linguistic, and religious ties between the people of Bangladesh and certain Indian states add a layer of cultural diplomacy to India’s approach. These connections have occasionally been leveraged to create a favorable view of India among Bangladeshis, aligning with India’s soft power strategy.

R&AW’s Alleged Influence during Sheikh Hasina’s Tenure

The Awami League, particularly under the leadership of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, has been known for its pro-India stance. Sheikh Hasina’s government, in power for over 15 years, has often cooperated closely with India on security and trade matters. However, this alliance has raised suspicions of undue Indian influence in Bangladesh’s internal affairs, leading many to view the relationship as one-sided.

During this period, R&AW has reportedly expanded its footprint in Bangladesh in several ways:

Political Support for the Awami League: Allegations suggest that R&AW has supported the Awami League in various forms, including providing intelligence, media support, and strategic advice. This assistance is seen by many as part of India’s larger strategy to maintain a friendly government in Dhaka. The close ties between R&AW and certain factions within the Awami League have led some to argue that India is seeking to shape Bangladesh’s political landscape to align with its own strategic objectives.

Cultivating Local Alliances: Reports indicate that R&AW has cultivated alliances not only with pro-India political figures but also with certain minority groups, primarily within the Hindu community, who may view India as a protective ally. This network is believed to have been used to support pro-Indian narratives, helping bolster the Awami League’s position while marginalizing voices critical of India. Such actions have stirred concerns of divisiveness, with critics arguing that India’s support for specific groups undermines Bangladesh’s unity and social cohesion.

Media Influence and Public Perception Management: R&AW’s presence in the media space has been a subject of speculation. By allegedly working with media outlets and journalists to propagate pro-India stories or suppress dissenting views, R&AW is said to have influenced public perception in ways that align with Indian interests. Some analysts believe that this strategy is aimed at curbing anti-India sentiment while promoting a narrative of partnership and cooperation. However, it has sparked backlash among Bangladeshis who feel that Indian media influence has stifled the country’s independent journalism and compromised its media freedom.

Economic Monitoring and Strategic Projects: India has been involved in several major infrastructure and energy projects in Bangladesh. While these projects benefit both countries economically, R&AW is thought to monitor and evaluate Bangladesh’s economic policies and development plans closely to ensure they align with India’s interests. For instance, India has invested in transportation corridors through Bangladesh that enhance connectivity with its northeastern states. India’s strategic involvement in Bangladesh’s economy has often been framed as mutual cooperation, but some view it as a method for economic dominance.

The Rise of Anti-India Sentiment in Bangladesh

The perception of Indian interference has contributed to growing anti-India sentiment in Bangladesh. Many Bangladeshis believe that India’s approach, particularly through R&AW’s alleged activities, reflects a “big brother” mentality that undermines Bangladesh’s sovereignty. This sentiment is amplified by the following factors:

Perceived Political Interference: Allegations that R&AW has interfered in Bangladesh’s elections and political dynamics have fueled resentment. Many believe that India’s support for specific political actors, notably the Awami League, undermines democratic processes, creating an imbalance that favors India at the expense of Bangladesh’s independence.

Concerns about Economic Dependency: While India’s investments and trade agreements have been beneficial in many respects, some Bangladeshis feel that the increasing economic interdependence is one-sided. There is a perception that India’s projects are designed to benefit Indian companies disproportionately, creating economic dependency that limits Bangladesh’s ability to make independent decisions.

Cultural and Social Sensitivities: Bangladeshis take pride in their distinct cultural identity, and India’s attempts to influence social and cultural spheres have not always been welcomed. The perceived push for alignment with Indian cultural narratives has been met with resistance from Bangladeshis who see this as an encroachment on their heritage.

Distrust in Security and Intelligence Affairs: Given R&AW’s reputation in the region for covert influence and its history of involvement in Bangladesh’s Liberation War, Bangladeshis are wary of R&AW’s presence within their borders. Reports of intelligence-gathering activities and alliances with specific groups have fostered suspicion, with many seeing these actions as intrusions on Bangladesh’s sovereignty.

The Path Forward: Mutual Respect and Partnership

To foster a sustainable relationship, India and Bangladesh will need to address the concerns surrounding intelligence operations and mutual respect. Bangladesh is a sovereign nation with a vibrant national identity, and any perception of interference or dominance is likely to erode goodwill and deepen anti-India sentiment. India’s approach should be mindful of these sentiments, focusing on genuine cooperation, mutual respect, and balanced partnership.

For R&AW, this means re-evaluating its approach and recognizing the changing dynamics in Bangladesh. To foster a more positive relationship, India should avoid actions that could be interpreted as meddling in Bangladesh’s political or social affairs. Instead, a relationship based on respect for Bangladesh’s sovereignty, alongside transparent and constructive dialogue, would go a long way in reducing tensions and building trust.

The foundation for a strong, cooperative relationship between India and Bangladesh lies in respecting each other’s autonomy and working together on shared regional challenges, such as climate change, economic development, and security. By shifting its approach from a position of influence to one of partnership, India can address the concerns surrounding R&AW’s presence in Bangladesh and create a relationship that benefits both nations and enhances regional stability.

Rising Anti-India Sentiment in Bangladesh

The relationship between India and Bangladesh, while historically intertwined, has become strained in recent years, particularly with the perception that India’s intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), is extensively involved in Bangladesh’s internal affairs. Bangladeshis increasingly view India’s actions as a strategic maneuver to assert influence over the country’s political landscape, which has sparked a significant rise in anti-India sentiment. This growing mistrust underscores a complex issue where many in Bangladesh feel that India, rather than respecting their sovereignty, is instead working to shape political outcomes that favor Indian interests.

R&AW’s Alleged Role in Shaping Bangladesh’s Political Landscape

Since the tenure of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her Awami League government, India’s relationship with Bangladesh has been generally cooperative. However, R&AW’s alleged influence within Bangladesh has spurred a backlash, with many perceiving that India’s support of the Awami League has been instrumental in consolidating power in Dhaka. Reports suggest that R&AW has fostered alliances within Bangladesh’s ruling party, and these alliances have reportedly extended beyond traditional intelligence gathering into areas that could impact political outcomes. Bangladeshis who criticize this influence see R&AW’s involvement as an intrusion on democratic choice and view the agency’s actions as attempts to secure a pro-India government rather than one reflective of the broader will of the Bangladeshi people.

This perception is reinforced by actions that some Bangladeshis view as active manipulation, including:

Support for Specific Political Factions: Allegations suggest that R&AW has been instrumental in supporting the Awami League through financial, logistical, and strategic means. Such reports have raised concerns about the integrity of the democratic process, as the apparent backing of one faction undermines the multiparty system in Bangladesh and limits genuine political competition. This involvement is perceived by some as an extension of India’s desire to maintain a government in Dhaka that aligns with its own regional interests, particularly in defense and trade.

Influence on Key National Policies: R&AW’s influence is also believed to extend into policy advocacy, particularly in areas that impact India’s regional strategy. From energy and water sharing agreements to defense pacts, Indian interests have frequently intersected with Bangladeshi policies. This has led some Bangladeshis to suspect that R&AW plays an active role in ensuring that Bangladesh’s policies do not conflict with India’s strategic objectives, sparking criticism that Indian influence sometimes supersedes Bangladesh’s own interests.

Use of Media to Shape Public Perception

Media influence is another area where R&AW’s role has been questioned. Indian media outlets, many of which are accused of having close ties to R&AW or other governmental bodies, have been reported to play a part in shaping narratives that portray Bangladesh in a politically unfavorable light, especially during critical political periods or leadership transitions. This has manifested in several ways:

Exaggeration of Social Tensions: Indian media has occasionally highlighted issues of social unrest or exaggerated communal tensions in Bangladesh, particularly regarding religious minorities. While Bangladesh has its share of social challenges, these narratives can sometimes be seen as overstated or selective, creating a perception that instability is looming. Such portrayals, amplified during politically sensitive times, have led many Bangladeshis to feel that these stories serve India’s agenda by painting Bangladesh as a nation in need of “stabilizing” influence from its powerful neighbor.

Framing Political Transitions as Threats to Stability: During shifts in power or election periods, Indian media has often framed Bangladesh as a country on the verge of political collapse or as grappling with civil unrest. These portrayals, which have been particularly frequent during times when opposition parties gain momentum, reinforce suspicions that India has an interest in projecting instability within Bangladesh to justify continued influence or intervention. This narrative bolsters the perception that R&AW uses media channels to influence public opinion, not only within India but internationally, casting Bangladesh’s political environment in a negative light.

Impact on Public Perception and Growing Anti-India Sentiment

These actions have compounded the frustration and disillusionment that many Bangladeshis feel toward India. The perception of interference, amplified by media portrayals, has fed into a larger narrative that India views Bangladesh as a satellite state, an entity whose political autonomy can be negotiated in the name of regional stability or Indian interests. Key factors contributing to this rising anti-India sentiment include:

Distrust in Political Intentions: Many Bangladeshis feel that India’s actions are less about mutual respect and more about ensuring that Bangladesh remains within India’s sphere of influence. This has led to widespread skepticism about India’s true intentions, with a significant portion of the Bangladeshi public viewing India as prioritizing its own strategic gains over genuine partnership.

Erosion of Sovereignty and National Pride: The sentiment of national pride runs deep in Bangladesh, a country that fought hard for its independence in 1971. Any perception of interference from R&AW or Indian media is thus seen as a direct affront to this hard-won sovereignty. Bangladeshis take pride in their identity and autonomy, and attempts to influence internal politics or project instability are seen as undermining the very essence of their independence.

Suspicion toward Indian Media: Indian media’s portrayal of Bangladesh as politically fragile or prone to social discord has only fueled resentment, with many Bangladeshis interpreting this narrative as a strategy to keep Bangladesh subservient or dependent on Indian influence. This distrust extends beyond just media to India’s larger apparatus, including its intelligence and political agencies.

The Path to a Respectful Bilateral Relationship

To alleviate tensions, a shift in approach is needed. India and R&AW should recognize that the dynamics in Bangladesh have evolved, and attempts at overt or covert influence are increasingly met with resistance. A constructive relationship with Bangladesh, one based on respect for its sovereignty and a recognition of its growing role in South Asia, will be more sustainable and productive than one driven by perceived interference.

For India, it will be essential to move away from activities that could be interpreted as political manipulation and to work toward fostering transparent, mutually beneficial cooperation. Efforts to promote trade, cultural exchange, and regional security should be made in a way that respects Bangladesh’s agency and independence, without conditions that align solely with Indian interests. Refraining from political interference, limiting media portrayals of instability, and respecting Bangladesh’s internal affairs will go a long way in building trust.

In the broader context, both India and Bangladesh benefit from a stable, cooperative South Asia. By addressing concerns about R&AW’s involvement and adopting a less interventionist approach, India has the opportunity to redefine its relationship with Bangladesh. This approach will likely not only improve bilateral ties but also reduce anti-India sentiment in Bangladesh, fostering a relationship that respects both nations’ sovereignty and upholds the principles of partnership and respect.

Implications of R&AW’s Approach: The Sovereignty Question

Bangladesh’s hard-won independence and commitment to sovereignty form the foundation of its national identity, and any external interference is met with strong resistance from its citizens. The country’s people take great pride in their autonomy, having fought for their freedom in 1971 after a bloody struggle. Therefore, perceived attempts to influence Bangladesh’s internal affairs—whether through political maneuvering, media narratives, or intelligence activities—strike at the core of its national pride and unity. The current involvement of India’s Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) in Bangladesh has raised critical concerns about sovereignty and respect, potentially damaging a historically valuable relationship between the two nations.

India’s interest in maintaining a stable and cooperative Bangladesh is rooted in several strategic objectives. Bangladesh occupies a central place in South Asia, sharing a significant border with India and a deep cultural and historical connection. For India, Bangladesh represents an important ally for maintaining security along its eastern frontier, managing regional economic stability, and addressing issues like cross-border terrorism, trafficking, and environmental challenges. Moreover, a friendly Bangladesh can act as a buffer zone in a region where China’s influence has been expanding, as well as a partner in fostering regional initiatives such as the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). However, to achieve these goals, India must approach its relationship with Bangladesh with a spirit of mutual respect and non-interference.

The Risks of R&AW’s Ongoing Activities in Bangladesh

R&AW’s involvement in Bangladesh over recent decades, especially its alignment with particular political factions, has sparked public outcry and anti-India sentiment. This stems from the perception that R&AW supports certain factions, such as the Awami League, to maintain favorable policies toward India. While the agency’s intention may be to safeguard Indian interests, these activities risk alienating the Bangladeshi public, as they view such actions as interference in their country’s democratic processes. Rather than fostering a positive relationship, R&AW’s perceived overreach has led to widespread skepticism and mistrust toward India’s motives, even among Bangladeshis who otherwise value India’s role in the region.

Reports of R&AW’s influence have become particularly concerning during times of political transition. This perception of interference often fuels accusations that India does not fully trust the Bangladeshi people to elect leaders who will make independent yet cooperative choices. Additionally, Indian media’s portrayal of Bangladesh as unstable during election periods exacerbates public frustration. Many Bangladeshis view these narratives as attempts to justify a “stabilizing” Indian influence, which is seen as patronizing and dismissive of Bangladesh’s own capabilities and choices. Such portrayals reinforce the notion of India as a “big brother,” leading to a growing desire among Bangladeshis to assert their country’s independence and resist perceived control from New Delhi.

The Importance of Respecting Bangladesh’s Autonomy for Lasting Regional Stability

India’s efforts to maintain a positive relationship with Bangladesh hinge on understanding that genuine goodwill and cooperation are more effective than pressure or influence. Bangladesh’s public perception of India as a partner, rather than a controller, will strengthen bonds and increase the likelihood of collaboration on critical issues. Bangladesh has demonstrated resilience and a strong sense of national pride, and the best way for India to engage constructively is to respect Bangladesh’s political processes, allowing the country to choose its own path without external intervention.

In practical terms, this approach would involve limiting R&AW’s influence in Bangladesh’s domestic affairs, avoiding visible political alignments, and focusing on areas where cooperation is mutually beneficial and transparent. Rather than exerting pressure on Bangladesh’s government, India can build ties through initiatives that enhance trade, infrastructure, cultural exchange, and regional security in a manner that respects Bangladesh’s autonomy. Joint projects on environmental challenges, border security, and economic connectivity, for example, can reinforce mutual respect and shared interests.

Redefining India-Bangladesh Relations for a Positive Future

India must acknowledge that while it has legitimate interests in regional stability, Bangladesh’s sovereignty is not negotiable. An approach based on respect and partnership will ensure a friendly and collaborative Bangladesh that is better aligned with India’s long-term goals in South Asia. By shifting away from influence-based tactics and emphasizing mutually beneficial engagement, India can help build a South Asia that is stable, prosperous, and resilient to external pressures.

For Bangladesh, maintaining its sovereignty is a core aspect of its national identity, and its people are keen to engage with India as equal partners. When India treats Bangladesh as an autonomous and capable nation, it creates a foundation of trust that will yield stronger bilateral ties. Moving forward, India can set an example by reducing its intelligence activities that may be perceived as interference and instead fostering a relationship that values dialogue, respect, and shared prosperity.

The path to a constructive and lasting India-Bangladesh relationship lies in the recognition of Bangladesh as a sovereign partner, deserving of respect and autonomy. If India wishes to strengthen its regional influence positively, it must embrace Bangladesh’s independence, encouraging cooperation rather than control.

A Call for Change: Fostering Mutual Respect in Indo-Bangladesh Relations

The presence and actions of India’s Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) in Bangladesh have sparked significant discussion and debate, as they touch upon the sensitive issues of sovereignty, autonomy, and the principles that form the foundation of healthy international relations. As Bangladesh grows as an independent nation, its citizens increasingly value their sovereignty and assert their right to make independent political, economic, and cultural choices without undue influence from outside forces. In this context, R&AW’s influence within Bangladesh has come to represent more than intelligence gathering—it has become a symbol of India’s potential overreach in regional affairs, testing the principles of mutual respect and equality.

R&AW’s Role in India-Bangladesh Relations: Between Security and Sovereignty

R&AW was originally conceived to safeguard India’s national interests by focusing on external threats and regional stability. Over time, however, the scope of its activities has expanded to influence and monitor neighboring states’ political landscapes, and Bangladesh has become a focal point in R&AW’s operations. India’s strategic concerns are not without basis; as an immediate neighbor, Bangladesh’s stability directly impacts India’s security, particularly in areas like border management, counterterrorism, trade, and water resource sharing. Additionally, Bangladesh’s geographical and political positioning holds relevance in the context of China’s rising influence in South Asia.

Yet, these security concerns do not justify actions that are perceived to undermine Bangladesh’s sovereignty. Allegations that R&AW has worked to influence political factions and align Bangladesh’s policies with India’s regional goals have led to mistrust and a backlash among the Bangladeshi public. These activities have fueled an anti-India sentiment that is increasingly shaping Bangladesh’s public opinion and domestic discourse.

For India, this growing resistance highlights a pressing need to re-evaluate its approach. Diplomatic relations based on coercive influence can be counterproductive, especially in a country where national pride and independence are deeply rooted in the public consciousness. Moving forward, India’s engagement with Bangladesh should focus on constructive, transparent interactions that do not interfere in the nation’s internal politics or foster a perception of control.

India’s Strategic Imperatives: Why Restraint is Key to Regional Stability

To maintain a stable and friendly relationship with Bangladesh, India must balance its legitimate interests with respect for Bangladesh’s political and cultural autonomy. India stands to benefit more from a strong, independent Bangladesh that acts as a willing partner, rather than from one where public opinion is steeped in suspicion and resistance toward perceived Indian dominance. Respecting Bangladesh’s sovereignty and addressing the concerns around R&AW’s activities are essential steps toward building a stable and enduring relationship.

To this end, India would benefit from adopting the following strategies:

Re-assessment of Intelligence Priorities: India should restrict R&AW’s activities in Bangladesh to genuine security concerns, such as counterterrorism, narcotics trafficking, and border security, while reducing involvement in domestic political matters. This shift would underscore India’s commitment to respecting Bangladesh’s independence and focus the agency’s efforts on issues that benefit both nations’ security.

Strengthening Transparent Diplomatic Channels: A relationship built on transparency and open dialogue will reduce the need for covert operations. By using diplomatic channels to discuss concerns and interests openly, India and Bangladesh can address issues of regional stability and security without creating an atmosphere of suspicion. Regular dialogue on shared interests, including trade, environmental challenges, and cross-border crime, can help build a solid foundation of trust.

Supporting Bangladesh’s Developmental Goals: India has a unique opportunity to enhance its goodwill in Bangladesh by investing in projects that align with Bangladesh’s economic and social priorities. Rather than focusing solely on strategic and security issues, India can foster goodwill by supporting development initiatives in infrastructure, healthcare, and education. Joint ventures in these areas would demonstrate India’s respect for Bangladesh’s agency and create long-lasting positive impacts for both countries.

Cultural and People-to-People Diplomacy: Strengthening cultural ties can be an effective way to improve relations between the two countries. Initiatives that promote exchange in the arts, education, and tourism can help foster a shared understanding that goes beyond political agendas. Positive cultural engagement can act as a counterweight to the perception of R&AW’s covert influence, fostering a sense of camaraderie rather than competition.

The Need for a Balanced and Cooperative Future

For India, respecting Bangladesh’s sovereignty is not just a matter of diplomatic integrity; it is a strategic necessity. A Bangladesh that feels respected and treated as an equal partner is more likely to support India’s regional goals and collaborate on mutual interests. Attempts to exercise control or manipulation, however, could lead to strained relations and missed opportunities for cooperation. Given the broader geopolitical context, India’s relationship with Bangladesh must evolve to reflect modern principles of diplomacy, where respect and shared values take precedence over covert influence.

Bangladeshi Public Sentiment: A Catalyst for Change

Bangladeshis, as proud custodians of their independence, have made it clear that they will not tolerate perceived infringements on their sovereignty. This public sentiment is a powerful force that Indian policymakers cannot ignore. The relationship between the two countries cannot thrive if Bangladesh’s citizens feel their independence is compromised. India, therefore, must take this sentiment seriously and seek ways to engage with Bangladesh that honor its people’s aspirations and pride.

Moving forward, Indian policymakers and intelligence agencies should recognize that influencing political outcomes or shaping narratives through covert means will likely face strong resistance. Respecting this sentiment is crucial not only for diplomatic integrity but also for long-term strategic success. If India wishes to maintain a favorable position in South Asia, it must work towards a relationship with Bangladesh that reflects partnership, equality, and mutual respect.

A Vision for the Future: Trust-Based Partnership

To build a sustainable and positive relationship, India and Bangladesh must prioritize trust. This means that R&AW’s role in Bangladesh should be carefully recalibrated to ensure it supports, rather than undermines, a balanced and cooperative relationship. Respecting Bangladesh’s sovereignty, fostering transparency, and focusing on shared values will create a foundation that can withstand the pressures of geopolitics.

India has the opportunity to redefine its approach toward Bangladesh, paving the way for a cooperative future that benefits both nations and contributes to stability and prosperity across South Asia. By prioritizing diplomacy over influence and collaboration over control, India can foster a relationship with Bangladesh that is not only resilient but also rooted in mutual respect and trust. This approach will enable both countries to address shared challenges and seize regional opportunities, building a South Asia that is united, stable, and capable of facing future challenges together.