Rokan's Journal

India and Bangladesh share more than just a 4,096-kilometer-long border; they share historical ties, cultural affinities, and a legacy of cooperation that dates back to the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. However, despite these deep connections, the relationship between the two countries has experienced fluctuations, particularly in recent years. With regional dynamics rapidly changing and global power structures evolving, it is imperative that India revisits its foreign policy to strengthen and improve relations with its eastern neighbor, Bangladesh.

Historical Context and Recent Developments

The Indo-Bangladesh relationship has deep historical roots, with India playing a pivotal role in the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971. During the Bangladesh Liberation War, India provided substantial military, diplomatic, and humanitarian assistance to the Bengali nationalist forces, standing in solidarity with the Bengali population’s aspirations for self-determination. Indian forces fought alongside Bangladeshi Mukti Bahini fighters, and the Indian government lobbied for international support for Bangladesh’s cause. This involvement not only expedited the end of the war but also laid the groundwork for strong bilateral ties between the two countries. Following Bangladesh’s independence, India was among the first to recognize it as a sovereign nation, marking the beginning of a relationship built on shared values and regional interdependence.

In the ensuing decades, Bangladesh and India collaborated closely across multiple domains, with notable achievements in trade, cultural exchanges, security cooperation, and water sharing. Economically, the two countries signed trade agreements to boost cross-border commerce, contributing to significant increases in trade volumes. Culturally, Bangladesh and India shared a deep bond, rooted in linguistic, artistic, and religious commonalities, which fostered people-to-people connections and cross-cultural appreciation. Security collaboration also grew, particularly as both countries recognized the need to address cross-border terrorism, organized crime, and insurgent groups in the region. For instance, India and Bangladesh coordinated intelligence-sharing and border security to manage the threat posed by separatist and extremist groups operating along their shared border.

Water-sharing agreements emerged as a focal point in the Indo-Bangladesh partnership, given that the two countries share over 50 rivers, including the critical Ganges and Teesta rivers. The 1996 Ganges Water Treaty was a landmark agreement, which allowed for the equitable distribution of water from the Ganges during the dry season, exemplifying a successful bilateral resolution of resource-based disputes. However, the Teesta River issue, which has been a longstanding point of contention, remains unresolved. Despite extensive negotiations, a comprehensive agreement on Teesta’s water-sharing remains elusive, with the issue further complicated by competing regional interests within India itself, particularly from the state of West Bengal.

In recent years, however, this historically cooperative relationship has encountered mounting challenges. Border conflicts have been one of the most visible points of tension, with incidents of violence along the 4,096-kilometer boundary becoming a source of resentment in Bangladesh. The Indian Border Security Force (BSF) has been implicated in numerous incidents involving the shooting and killing of Bangladeshi civilians along the border, often in the context of alleged smuggling operations. This use of lethal force has led to a perception in Bangladesh that India’s approach to border security lacks consideration for human rights, adding a layer of distrust in bilateral relations. Efforts have been made to establish standard operating procedures and mutual protocols, but the violence continues to strain the relationship, with each incident triggering calls for greater accountability and restraint.

The complex issue of minority rights has also emerged as a source of friction between the two nations. India has raised concerns over the treatment of Hindu minorities in Bangladesh, urging Dhaka to protect the rights and safety of these communities. Conversely, Bangladesh has expressed concerns about the status of Bangladeshi-origin Muslims in India, especially in the context of India’s recent National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam and the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA). These developments have stoked anxieties in Dhaka, as Bangladesh worries about the potential influx of refugees if Bangladeshi-origin Muslims in Assam are deemed “foreigners” and possibly repatriated. The polarization over these issues has complicated diplomatic efforts and added a sensitive dimension to an already complex relationship.

Another major factor influencing Indo-Bangladesh relations is China’s growing presence in Bangladesh. In recent years, Beijing has made significant economic inroads in Bangladesh, providing loans, investments, and development aid to fund infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and power plants. China has also emerged as Bangladesh’s largest trading partner, surpassing India in certain sectors. From the development of the Padma Bridge to the establishment of power plants, China has been a major player in Bangladesh’s economic landscape. This has raised concerns in New Delhi, as it perceives China’s growing influence in Bangladesh as part of Beijing’s broader Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aimed at increasing its geopolitical clout in South Asia.

India’s concerns about China’s influence have led it to adopt a more assertive and competitive approach towards Bangladesh. Recognizing that infrastructure and economic development are areas of intense competition, India has sought to counterbalance China’s influence by increasing its own investments and economic engagement with Bangladesh. Indian officials have been proactive in offering alternative infrastructure and development projects, emphasizing that Indian investments come without the so-called “debt traps” associated with Chinese loans. New Delhi has also highlighted the cultural and historical ties that bind India and Bangladesh, framing these connections as a foundation for deeper, sustainable cooperation.

However, despite India’s attempts to maintain its influence, Bangladesh’s foreign policy has increasingly demonstrated a preference for diversification. Under the leadership of Sheikh Hasina, Bangladesh has pursued a balanced foreign policy that engages with both India and China, leveraging its position to maximize economic gains while maintaining strategic autonomy. While Dhaka has shown sensitivity to New Delhi’s security concerns, it has also made it clear that it will prioritize national interests over allegiance to any single partner. This stance reflects a pragmatic approach by Bangladesh, one that values economic opportunities and regional stability over ideological alignment.

In summary, while India and Bangladesh share a deep historical bond and have cooperated extensively in the past, the relationship now faces a complex set of challenges that have emerged in recent years. Issues such as border violence, water-sharing disputes, minority rights, and the growing Chinese presence in Bangladesh have added layers of friction to the bilateral relationship. As both countries navigate these challenges, the future of Indo-Bangladesh relations will hinge on their ability to manage differences while finding common ground for cooperation. For India, this may require a recalibration of its approach to Bangladesh, one that respects Bangladesh’s sovereignty, addresses core issues such as water-sharing and border security, and acknowledges Dhaka’s right to diversify its foreign partnerships. For Bangladesh, balancing relations with both India and China will be key to maintaining its strategic autonomy and fostering sustainable economic growth in a rapidly shifting regional landscape.

Current Situation: A Mixed Bag

The current relationship between India and Bangladesh can be described as a mixed bag. On one hand, economic ties remain robust, with bilateral trade reaching record highs. India has extended several lines of credit to Bangladesh, and Indian companies have invested in sectors such as energy, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. Furthermore, security cooperation has been strengthened, with both countries collaborating to combat terrorism, insurgency, and cross-border crimes.

On the other hand, there are growing concerns in Bangladesh regarding India’s perceived high-handedness in bilateral matters. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in India have caused anxiety in Bangladesh, with fears that they could lead to an influx of refugees. Moreover, the delay in finalizing the Teesta water-sharing agreement has been a major point of contention, with Bangladesh feeling that India is not honoring its commitments.

The rise of China as a significant player in South Asia has further complicated the situation. Bangladesh has increasingly turned to China for economic assistance and infrastructure development, leading to concerns in India about losing its influence in the region. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has found a willing partner in Bangladesh, with significant investments in ports, power plants, and road networks. This has led to a perception in India that it is being outmaneuvered by China in its own backyard.

The Need for a Policy Recalibration

In the current geopolitical climate, a recalibrated Indian foreign policy toward Bangladesh is essential to maintain regional stability and foster a more productive bilateral relationship. Bangladesh’s rapid economic growth, its strategic importance in South Asia, and its balancing act between India and China make it a critical partner. For India, adapting to the evolving dynamics in Bangladesh will require addressing underlying issues and fostering mutual trust through concrete steps in diplomacy, economic integration, and security collaboration. The following measures could form the foundation for a more resilient and forward-looking Indo-Bangladesh relationship:

Prioritizing Bilateral Dialogue

To overcome long-standing grievances, India must prioritize open, consistent, and meaningful dialogue with Bangladesh. High-level meetings should take place at regular intervals, with a focus on transparent, respectful communication aimed at conflict resolution. Both nations need to commit to addressing the Teesta water-sharing dispute, an issue that has created significant friction and affected perceptions in Bangladesh. Although the Ganges Water Treaty was a milestone, the unresolved status of the Teesta River issue has hindered the broader relationship, especially as water scarcity impacts the livelihood of millions in Bangladesh. Resolving this issue through bilateral dialogue could serve as a symbol of goodwill, demonstrating India’s willingness to address Bangladesh’s critical needs.

Moreover, India should use diplomatic channels to reassure Bangladesh on sensitive internal policies like the National Register of Citizens (NRC) and the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA). These policies have created unease in Dhaka, with Bangladesh fearing an influx of Bangladeshi-origin individuals who may be labeled as “foreigners” in India. To alleviate these concerns, India can engage in regular consultations with Bangladesh’s political leadership and offer assurances that any policy changes in India will not lead to negative repercussions for Bangladesh. This kind of proactive diplomacy can help rebuild trust and signal that India is committed to a relationship based on mutual respect and equality, rather than unilateral decisions that affect the entire region.

Strengthening Economic Ties

Economic integration between India and Bangladesh remains one of the most promising avenues for long-term partnership. While trade between the two countries has grown substantially in recent years, there is still immense potential for expanding economic cooperation. India should consider increasing investments in Bangladesh, particularly in high-growth sectors such as technology, education, healthcare, renewable energy, and infrastructure. Investing in Bangladesh’s growing tech and healthcare industries would not only create jobs and stimulate the local economy but also foster goodwill, as these sectors are vital to Bangladesh’s development agenda.

Additionally, India should work toward reducing non-tariff barriers that complicate cross-border trade, such as regulatory discrepancies, customs delays, and logistical issues. Simplifying trade routes and implementing infrastructure improvements at border checkpoints could significantly enhance trade volumes, benefiting businesses on both sides. Improved road, rail, and maritime connectivity would facilitate the smoother flow of goods, reducing transportation costs and helping smaller enterprises participate more actively in cross-border trade. For example, revamping the rail and port infrastructure to allow faster and more efficient transport of goods could contribute to reducing trade imbalances and enhancing economic interdependence.

A collaborative approach to developing special economic zones (SEZs) could also stimulate trade and investment. For instance, creating SEZs along the border could encourage Indian companies to set up manufacturing units in Bangladesh, benefiting from its relatively low-cost labor while helping Bangladesh build its industrial base. This partnership would not only deepen economic ties but also strengthen the employment landscape in Bangladesh, creating a mutually beneficial economic framework.

Enhancing Security Cooperation

Given the shared security challenges that both India and Bangladesh face in South Asia, particularly around issues of terrorism, human trafficking, and drug smuggling, strengthening security cooperation is essential. Both countries have successfully cooperated in counterterrorism efforts in recent years, recognizing the need to manage threats posed by extremist elements. By expanding this cooperation, India and Bangladesh can improve their collective capacity to address these threats. Enhanced intelligence sharing, joint counterterrorism exercises, and joint border patrols would help to curb the movement of extremist groups and the illegal trafficking networks that operate across borders.

To further cement this cooperation, both countries could establish formal mechanisms for information exchange and conduct regular joint training exercises for security personnel. Bangladesh’s police and border guards, for instance, could benefit from specialized training in areas such as counterterrorism, intelligence analysis, and modern surveillance techniques, which India could facilitate. India, for its part, could leverage Bangladesh’s unique insights into regional security dynamics, particularly along the northeastern states, to enhance its own security preparedness.

Additionally, capacity-building initiatives in the security sector could be another important area of focus. India could support Bangladesh in modernizing its security infrastructure by providing access to advanced technology, such as surveillance drones, secure communication systems, and forensic analysis tools. Both nations would benefit from jointly addressing issues like cybercrime, money laundering, and radicalization, which have a transnational dimension and require coordinated responses.

Jointly combating drug trafficking and human trafficking is another priority. These illicit activities undermine security and stability in both countries, and addressing them effectively requires cross-border collaboration. India and Bangladesh could develop joint task forces specifically focused on trafficking networks, utilizing shared intelligence to dismantle these operations. Strengthening collaboration between the Narcotics Control Bureau of India and the Department of Narcotics Control in Bangladesh, for example, could help to curb the inflow of illegal drugs, which is a growing problem in both nations.

Establishing People-to-People Initiatives

An important aspect of building a sustainable relationship is to nurture people-to-people connections. Initiatives that promote cultural exchanges, academic collaborations, and tourism could help bridge gaps in perception and reduce the influence of political differences. For example, fostering educational collaborations between Indian and Bangladeshi universities could provide students with opportunities to study abroad and build friendships that transcend national borders. Increased scholarships for Bangladeshi students to study in India could create goodwill and strengthen future ties.

Likewise, enhancing tourism through streamlined visa processes and joint tourism promotion initiatives could encourage more citizens from both countries to explore each other’s cultural heritage, fostering a sense of shared identity and goodwill. Cultural festivals and artistic exchanges, especially in areas like music, literature, and traditional crafts, could also strengthen public appreciation for the shared history and values that bind India and Bangladesh.

Addressing Water Sharing Issues

The Teesta water-sharing agreement remains one of the most contentious issues in Indo-Bangladesh relations. The river Teesta, which flows through both countries, is crucial for millions of people in Bangladesh, particularly for agricultural activities in the northern part of the country. Bangladesh has repeatedly called for an equitable sharing of Teesta’s water to prevent seasonal water scarcity that impacts its agricultural sector. However, political sensitivities within India, especially concerning the state of West Bengal, have complicated negotiations.

India must demonstrate a proactive commitment to resolving this issue to alleviate tensions and build trust. One approach could be to propose an interim arrangement for water-sharing while working toward a comprehensive, long-term solution. This temporary measure could provide immediate relief to Bangladeshi farmers while giving both nations time to address complex internal factors. Alongside a temporary solution, India could actively engage with Bangladesh in joint studies on sustainable water management, allowing both countries to better understand seasonal fluctuations in water flow and usage needs. Such collaboration would highlight India’s willingness to work transparently with Bangladesh, fostering mutual respect and goodwill.

Additionally, India and Bangladesh share numerous river basins, making it essential to adopt a cooperative approach in managing these shared water resources. Creating a permanent bilateral body focused on river basin management could serve as a forum for discussing sustainable practices, such as controlled irrigation, flood control measures, and reforestation initiatives. Addressing these environmental concerns collectively would not only help with the equitable distribution of water but also enhance the resilience of both nations in the face of climate change. This approach would reflect India’s commitment to a fair and environmentally conscious management of shared resources, strengthening its standing with the Bangladeshi government and public.

Countering China’s Influence

China’s growing involvement in Bangladesh has raised concerns in India, as it brings Beijing closer to India’s strategic borders and the Bay of Bengal. China’s extensive investments in Bangladesh’s infrastructure, energy, and telecommunications sectors have bolstered its influence and appeal as a development partner. To effectively counter this, India must position itself as a viable alternative by offering competitive infrastructure projects, financial assistance, and trade opportunities that align with Bangladesh’s aspirations.

India can enhance its infrastructure offerings by focusing on collaborative projects within the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Initiative. This sub-regional initiative, which focuses on connectivity and economic cooperation, could provide significant benefits for Bangladesh. Through the BBIN initiative, India could facilitate better road, rail, and energy linkages, which would enhance trade, reduce transportation costs, and promote economic integration. Such projects could serve as a counterweight to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investments in the region and offer Bangladesh a diversified set of partnerships for its development goals.

Another approach to countering China’s influence could be to provide Bangladesh with access to the South Asian regional market through Indian ports and trade corridors. For instance, India could offer more favorable trade terms and develop economic zones near the border to encourage Indian and Bangladeshi companies to collaborate on manufacturing projects. By enhancing trade and investment opportunities, India can present itself as a partner that not only respects Bangladesh’s sovereignty but also supports its economic autonomy. Moreover, India could consider long-term financial support in critical areas like renewable energy, healthcare, and digital infrastructure—sectors crucial for Bangladesh’s economic growth and where China has made substantial investments. These steps would underscore India’s commitment to supporting Bangladesh’s economic aspirations while countering China’s influence.

Promoting People-to-People Ties

To foster a sustainable and robust relationship, it is essential to build stronger people-to-people connections between India and Bangladesh. Initiatives that promote cultural, educational, and tourism exchanges can bridge divides, foster understanding, and strengthen the bonds of friendship across borders. Streamlining visa processes, for example, would make travel more accessible, enabling families separated by borders to visit each other more easily, while also boosting tourism. Establishing a multi-entry, long-term visa program for Bangladeshi citizens, particularly for students, business professionals, and artists, could further encourage interaction and collaboration.

Academic collaborations present another avenue to deepen bilateral ties. India can extend scholarships and establish exchange programs for Bangladeshi students, allowing them to study in India and gain exposure to Indian culture and academic perspectives. Additionally, joint research initiatives in areas of mutual interest—such as climate resilience, agriculture, and healthcare—could bring together scholars and scientists from both nations, fostering a shared sense of purpose. India could further encourage cultural exchanges by supporting collaborative projects in cinema, music, literature, and performing arts, reflecting the rich cultural heritage shared by the two nations.

The establishment of a “People-to-People Forum” involving civil society members, artists, academics, and business leaders from both countries could provide a space for dialogue on issues of mutual interest, ranging from cultural preservation to sustainable development. Regular cultural festivals showcasing traditional music, cuisine, and arts could also help dismantle preconceived notions and stereotypes, fostering a more genuine understanding between the two populations. This grassroots-level interaction could complement diplomatic efforts, helping to build a more resilient relationship rooted in mutual respect and understanding.

Respecting Sovereignty and Mutual Interests

In light of Bangladesh’s rapid development and evolving foreign policy goals, India must approach its relationship with Bangladesh with humility and respect for its sovereignty. Bangladesh today is a confident, fast-growing economy with aspirations that extend beyond its historical ties with India. Dhaka’s increasing engagement with global powers, including China and the United States, reflects its desire for a balanced foreign policy that maximizes its national interests. India must recognize and respect Bangladesh’s independent stance, avoiding actions that could be perceived as interference or dominance.

A key aspect of this respect is refraining from taking a patronizing or paternalistic approach. India should engage Bangladesh as an equal partner, understanding that Dhaka has its own set of interests, priorities, and responsibilities. While historical ties and shared cultural heritage are crucial, India must recognize that Bangladesh’s foreign policy decisions will not always align with New Delhi’s. By supporting Bangladesh’s independent growth and regional aspirations, India can demonstrate a commitment to mutual respect and collaboration. This approach will require New Delhi to listen actively to Bangladesh’s concerns, demonstrate flexibility, and avoid policies that could strain the relationship, particularly those that relate to security or domestic affairs.

Encouraging multilateral engagements that include Bangladesh as an equal stakeholder could also reinforce the message of mutual respect. India can support Bangladesh’s active role in regional forums like SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). By promoting Bangladesh’s participation in these forums, India acknowledges Bangladesh’s growing influence and commitment to regional cooperation. Such multilateral partnerships can serve as platforms for both countries to collaborate on shared issues, like disaster management, trade, and environmental sustainability, while respecting each other’s distinct national goals.

Conclusion

India’s relationship with Bangladesh is at a crossroads. While there is much to be optimistic about, there are also significant challenges that need to be addressed. By revisiting and recalibrating its foreign policy, India can not only strengthen its ties with Bangladesh but also ensure that it remains a key player in the rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape of South Asia. A strong, stable, and cooperative relationship with Bangladesh is not just in India’s interest but is essential for regional peace, stability, and prosperity.

Recalibrating India’s policy toward Bangladesh requires a forward-thinking approach rooted in mutual respect, shared development goals, and a commitment to democratic values. By prioritizing open dialogue, strengthening economic and security ties, and fostering people-to-people connections, India can address key points of contention while building a resilient, cooperative relationship with Bangladesh. As South Asia’s geopolitical landscape becomes increasingly complex, such an approach will allow both nations to leverage their partnership for regional stability, economic growth, and social harmony.

India’s relationship with Bangladesh stands at a crossroads. To forge a durable partnership, India must recalibrate its policies, recognizing Bangladesh’s growth and independent aspirations while addressing the complex issues that have created friction in recent years. Through collaborative water-sharing mechanisms, competitive infrastructure development, people-to-people exchanges, and a commitment to respecting Bangladesh’s sovereignty, India can build a robust foundation for future cooperation. By focusing on mutual respect, shared interests, and open dialogue, India and Bangladesh can foster a relationship that not only enhances bilateral ties but also strengthens regional stability in South Asia. This recalibration will require patience, humility, and an understanding that a lasting partnership cannot be built on transactional diplomacy alone but must be nurtured through consistent, respectful engagement.